What is Prussak space?

Prussak space is located between the lateral process of the malleus interiorly, pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane laterally, neck of the malleus medially and the lateral mallear ligament superiorly.

The scutum (plural: scuta) is a sharp bony spur that is formed by the superior wall of the external auditory canal and the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. It forms the lateral margin of Prussak space.

The epitympanum, also known as the attic or epitympanic recess, is the most superior portion of the tympanic cavity. It is that portion of the tympanic cavity superior to the axial plane between the tip of the scutum and the tympanic segment of the facial nerve 1,3.

The mesotympanum (rare plural: mesotympana) forms the main compartment of the tympanic cavity and contains most of the important structures of the middle ear, including most of the ossicular chain.

Cholesteatomas demonstrate: T1: low signal. T2: high signal. T1 C+ (Gd): no enhancement.

The mastoid antrum (plural: mastoid antra) (also known as tympanic antrum or Valsalva antrum) is an air space (up to 1 cm in size) lying posterior to the middle ear and connected to it by a short passageway, the aditus ad antrum.

Medical Definition of epitympanum : the upper portion of the middle ear — compare hypotympanum.

Anatomical terminology The promontory of the tympanic cavity, also known as the cochlear promontory is a rounded hollow prominence, formed by the projection outward of the first turn of the cochlea.

Anatomical terminology The aditus to mastoid antrum (otomastoid foramen or entrance or aperture to the mastoid antrum) is a large irregular cavity that leads backward from the epitympanic recess into a considerable air space named the tympanic or mastoid antrum.

Mastoiditis can be cured if treated with antibiotics right away. It may come back periodically (recur) in some individuals. If infection spreads, serious complication can arise including hearing loss, bone infection, blood clots, brain abscess, and meningitis.

A mastoidectomy is surgery to remove cells in the hollow, air-filled spaces in the skull behind the ear within the mastoid bone.

Jacobson’s nerve is a tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, arising from its inferior ganglion. It enters the middle ear cavity through the inferior tympanic canaliculus, runs in a canal on the cochlear promontory and provides the main sensory innervation to the mucosa of the mesotympanum and Eustachian tube.

The middle ear is part of a continuous system that includes the nares, nasopharynx, and eustachian tube medially and anteriorly and the mastoid air cells posteriorly.

While the cochlea is technically a bone it plays a vital role in the function of hearing rather than simply being another component of the skeletal system. It is located within the inner ear and is often described as hollow and snail- or spiral-shaped.

Although surgery is rarely urgent, once a cholesteatoma is found, surgical treatment is the only choice. Surgery usually involves a mastoidectomy to remove the disease from the bone, and tympanoplasty to repair the eardrum. The exact type of operation is determined by the stage of the disease at the time of surgery.

A cholesteatoma usually occurs because of poor eustachian tube function in combination with infection in the middle ear. When the eustachian tube is not working correctly, pressure within the middle ear can pull part of the eardrum the wrong way, creating a sac or cyst that fills with old skin cells .

What causes a cholesteatoma? Besides repeated infections, a cholesteatoma may also be caused by a poorly functioning eustachian tube, which is the tube that leads from the back of the nose to the middle of the ear.

In a histologic study of the temporal bones of newborns, conducted by Valtonen and Karmody, the mastoid antrum was noted to be present in all subjects, without significant differences for age, gender, or laterality (right versus left).

Gross anatomy. An irregular cavity within the anterosuperior aspect of the bone is called the mastoid (or tympanic) antrum, which communicates with the attic of the tympanic cavity 1.

The mastoid antrum is located between the posterosuperior wall of the external canal and middle fossa floor deep to the depression behind the spine of Henle. B, A mastoidectomy has been completed to expose the capsule of the posterior and lateral canals and the tympanic and mastoid facial segments.

Tympanosclerosis is the medical term for scarring of the ear drum. Scarring occurs after the ear drum is injured or after surgery. Commonly a small white area can be seen after a person has had middle ear ventilation tubes.

Otorrhea means drainage of liquid from the ear. Otorrhea results from external ear canal pathology or middle ear disease with tympanic membrane perforation.

No Taxon scutum. Identification. The middle of the three main divisions of the dorsal surface of a thoracic segment. Also, in ticks, the sclerotized plate covering all or most of the dorsum in males, and the anterior portion in females, nymphs, and larvae of the Ixodidae.

Roman rectangular scutums of later eras were smaller than Republican oval scutums and often varied in length – approximately 37″-42″ tall (approximately 3 to 3.5 imperial feet, covering about from shoulder to top of knee), and 24-33″ wide (approximately 2 to 2.7 imperial feet).

The facial recess of the petrous temporal bone is a small recess in the posterior wall of the mesotympanum lateral to the pyramidal eminence and stapedius muscle origin. The upper mastoid portion of the facial nerve runs immediately posterior to it, giving it its name.

The main function of the eustachian tube is ventilation of the middle ear and maintenance of equalized air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Closed at most times, the tube opens during swallowing. This permits equalization of the pressure without conscious effort.

• tegmental wall (roof)
• jugular wall (floor)
• membranous wall (lateral)
• labyrinthine wall (medial)
• mastoid wall (posterior)
• carotid wall (anterior)

The mastoid antrum (tympanic antrum, antrum mastoideum, Valsalva’s antrum) is an air space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum (entrance to the mastoid antrum).

The mastoid air cells are thought to protect the delicate structures of the ear, regulate ear pressure and possibly protect the temporal bone during trauma. When the mastoid cells become infected or inflamed, often as a result of an unresolved middle ear infection (otitis media), mastoiditis can develop.

Mastoiditis can also lead to labyrinthitis, which can cause the infection of cerebral spinal fluid, meningitis, and even death. Since the invention of antibiotics, however, labyrinthitis is very rare. 2 Mastoiditis is much less dangerous today than it once was.

• redness, tenderness and pain behind the ear.
• swelling behind the ear that can cause it to stick out.
• discharge from the ear.
• a high temperature, irritability and tiredness.
• headache.
• hearing loss in the affected ear.

Malignant tumours of the mastoid are rare, the majority being squamous cell carcinomas. We report two cases whose clinical presentation mimicked mastoid abscess with intracranial complications.

The cut (incision) the doctor made behind your ear may be sore. And you may have ear pain for about a week. Your ear will probably feel blocked or stuffy.

A mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that removes diseased mastoid air cells. The mastoid is the part of your skull located behind your ear. It’s filled with air cells made of bone and looks like a honey comb. The diseased cells are often the result of an ear infection that has spread into your skull.

Even with proper cleaning, ear canals and mastoid cavities may occasionally drain. This often happens after moisture accumulates in the mastoid, for instance after swimming or bathing. This can be helped by cleansing the ear canal with a mixture of vinegar and water, and then drying the ear canal thoroughly.

The auriculotemporal nerve originates from the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. It innervates the anterosuperior and anteromedial aspects of the auricle.

As stated above, the glossopharyngeal nerve provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle, which is responsible for elevating the pharynx and larynx.

The nervus intermedius is the sensory and parasympathetic division of the facial nerve. It contains visceral afferent fibers coming from the taste buds of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and mucous membranes of the pharynx, nose, and palate.